What term refers to the adhesion of a thin layer of molecules to a particle's surface without penetration?

The correct term that refers to the adhesion of a thin layer of molecules to a particle's surface without penetration is adsorption. This process occurs when molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid adhere to a surface, forming a layer at the interface, while the internal structure of the particle remains unaffected.

Understanding the distinction between adsorption and other related terms is crucial. Absorption, for instance, involves the penetration of molecules into the bulk of a material, altering the internal structure. Adhesion generally refers to the attractive forces between different substances, which may not necessarily be confined to a surface layer. Coagulation describes the process where particles clump together, often due to chemical reactions or changes in physical conditions, and does not specifically relate to the formation of a surface layer.

The specific nature of adsorption is vital in various applications, including soil chemistry, water treatment, and the management of turf and ornamental plants, where it can influence nutrient availability and pesticide efficacy. Understanding this concept helps in effectively managing soil and plant health in the turf and ornamental sectors.