What type of stresses are caused by unfavorable growing conditions like drought or flood?

The correct answer is that unfavorable growing conditions such as drought or flood are classified as abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses arise from non-living environmental factors that can negatively impact plant growth and development. These stresses result from conditions like water availability, temperature extremes, nutrient deficiencies, and physical soil conditions.

In the case of drought, the lack of sufficient water influences the plant’s ability to photosynthesize and limits nutrient uptake, thus affecting overall health and productivity. Flooding, on the other hand, can lead to oxygen deficiency in the root zone, inhibiting root function and potentially leading to root rot and other issues. Understanding that these stresses are abiotic is crucial for effective management practices in turf and ornamental care, where conditions can vary greatly.

Conversely, environmental stresses may refer to a broader category that includes both abiotic and biotic factors but doesn't specifically address the non-living aspect. Biotic stresses, on the other hand, stem from living organisms such as pests and diseases, while climate stresses might refer more broadly to long-term weather patterns rather than specific immediate conditions like drought or flooding.